Description
Specifications
- Category: Liberica Coffee Specifications
- Scientific Name: Coffea liberica var. liberica
- Origin: West Africa (Liberia)
- Planting Altitude: Low to medium altitudes (0 – 1000 m above sea level), best suited for lowlands.
- Disease Resistance: Better than Arabica, but less resistant than Robusta to leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix).
- Tree Structure: Very tall, can reach 9 to 17 meters.
- Leaves: Tend to be thick, wide, with a pointed tip, oval-shaped (up to 30 cm wide).
- Fruit (Cherry): Larger and with thicker skin compared to Arabica and Robusta. Oval in shape.
- Production: Moderate (around 4-5 quintals/ha/year). Fruits throughout the year, though fruit size is not uniform.
- Environmental Uniqueness: Resistant to extreme conditions and can thrive in peatlands.
Characteristics
- Category: Liberica Coffee Specifications
- Bean Size: The largest among cultivated coffee types. It can reach 24 mm in length, 12 mm in width.
- Bean Shape: Asymmetrical, irregular, and tends to be large and elongated.
- Dry Bean Color: Brown to very dark/almost black.
- Caffeine Content: Very low, around 1.23 gr/100 gr of beans (the lowest compared to Arabica and Robusta).
- Yield: Low, around ±12%.
- Fat Content: Quite high (around 12%). Contributes to a thick mouthfeel and creamy sensation.
Flavor and Aroma Profile
- Category: Liberica Coffee Flavor Description
- Aroma: Distinct, strong, and unique. Often described as having a smell similar to ripe jackfruit.
- Main Flavor: A complex flavor, often fruity (fruits), floral (flowers), herbal, and especially woody and smoky.
- Body: Full and heavy, supported by the high fat content.
- Acidity: Low, resulting in a more balanced taste.
- Aftertaste: Long and complex, sometimes with an earthy touch.
History of Liberica Coffee in Indonesia
The introduction of Liberica coffee to Indonesia is closely tied to the epidemic that struck the coffee plantations during the Dutch colonial period. Here is a brief history:
1. Background of the Disaster (19th Century)
In the 19th century, most coffee plantations in the lowlands of Indonesia were dominated by Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica). However, around 1878, these plantations were hit by a devastating disease, leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix), which destroyed nearly all the Arabica plants.
This forced the Dutch Colonial Government to look for an alternative coffee variety that was more resistant to the disease.
2. Introduction of Liberica (19th Century)
To address the Arabica failure, the Dutch introduced Liberica coffee to Indonesia.
- Goal: To replace the Arabica that had been destroyed by leaf rust.
- Expected Benefits: Liberica had better resistance to leaf rust compared to Arabica. Additionally, Liberica had large, strong trees and could thrive in the lowlands.
3. Second Failure (Early 20th Century)
Liberica was initially favored for its strength and ability to replace Arabica. However, this dominance was short-lived. Around 1907, Liberica plants in the lowlands also began to suffer from leaf rust, despite being more resistant than Arabica.
The Dutch Government realized that Liberica was not a long-term solution, and nearly all coffee in the lowlands was again destroyed.
4. Replacement with Robusta
After the failure of Liberica, the Dutch Government introduced another coffee variety, Robusta, around the early 1900s. Robusta proved to be much more resistant to leaf rust, especially in the lowlands, and had higher yields.
Since then, Robusta has been the dominant coffee variety in Indonesia, while Liberica has been planted only in limited areas.
Current Status of Liberica
Although global production of Liberica is not significant, it is still grown on a limited scale in certain regions of Indonesia, particularly:
- Jambi (Tanjung Jabung): Known for being a significant producer of Liberica.
- Bengkulu.
- Meranti Islands, Riau: Famous for Liberica’s ability to thrive in peatlands with unique flavors like jackfruit.
Today, Liberica coffee is valued for its exotic flavor and its ability to grow in challenging soils like peat, making it a unique local commodity.
